GIT-COMMIT-TREE(1)                                          GIT-COMMIT-TREE(1)



NAME
       git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object

SYNOPSIS
       git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent commit>)...] < changelog


DESCRIPTION
       This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See
       git-commit(1) instead.


       Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and emits
       the new commit object id on stdout.


       A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
       parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes the
       commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root) commits
       have no parents.


       While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
       directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
       to get there.


       Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git
       doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in
       practice we tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed
       at by .git/HEAD, so that we can always see what the last committed
       state was.


OPTIONS
       <tree> An existing tree object


       -p <parent commit>
              Each -p indicates the id of a parent commit object.


COMMIT INFORMATION
       A commit encapsulates:


       o  all parent object ids

       o  author name, email and date

       o  committer name and email and the commit time.

       While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
       committer information is taken from the following environment
       variables, if set:

       GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
       GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
       GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
       GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
       GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
       GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
       EMAIL


       (nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)


       In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the
       information is taken from the configuration items user.name and
       user.email, or, if not present, system user name and fully qualified
       hostname.


       A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog entry is not
       provided via "<" redirection, git commit-tree will just wait for one to
       be entered and terminated with ^D.


DATE FORMATS
       The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables support
       the following date formats:


       Git internal format
              It is <unix timestamp> <timezone offset>, where <unix timestamp>
              is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. <timezone offset>
              is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET
              (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is +0200.


       RFC 2822
              The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
              Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200.


       ISO 8601
              Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
              2005-04-07T22:13:13. The parser accepts a space instead of the T
              character as well.


              Note

              In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
              YYYY.MM.DD, MM/DD/YYYY and DD.MM.YYYY.



DIAGNOSTICS
       You don&#8217;t exist. Go away!
              The passwd(5) gecos field couldn&#8217;t be read


       Your parents must have hated you!
              The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer.


       Your sysadmin must hate you!
              The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer.


DISCUSSION
       At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.


       o  The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are
          treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What readdir(2)
          returns are what are recorded and compared with the data git keeps
          track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2) and
          creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding
          translation.

       o  The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
          bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.

       o  The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
          bytes.

       Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
       UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
       on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
       convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However,
       there are a few things to keep in mind.


       1.
           git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
          message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
          you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
          say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like
          this:


          [i18n]
                  commitencoding = ISO-8859-1


          Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
          i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
          people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
          commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.

       2.
           git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
          header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
          UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output
          encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file, like this:


          [i18n]
                  logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1


          If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
          i18n.commitencoding is used instead.

       Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
       when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
       because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.


SEE ALSO
       git-write-tree(1)


GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite




                                                            GIT-COMMIT-TREE(1)
